MagicPlot Manual

Plotting and nonlinear fitting software

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fitting [Mon Oct 25 23:59:10 2010]
Alexander
fitting [Thu Jan 14 17:18:27 2021] (current)
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 ====== Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Fit Plot ====== ====== Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Fit Plot ======
-Nonlinear least squares data fitting can be performed using Fit Plot. 
-To create Fit Plot select x and y columns in table, then select ''Table -> Create Fit Plot'' in main menu, or use context menu in table, or use Create Fit Plot button in the toolbar. 
  
-'Nonlinear' means here that analytical fitting function depends nonlinearly on varying parameters (fit parameters). Linear fitting is quite simple methodwhich is based on solving the system of linear equations. Unlike linear fittingnonlinear fitting is performed by iterative algorithm which needs the user to set the initial values of fit parameters.+===== Creating a Fit Plot ===== 
 +Nonlinear least squares data fitting (nonlinear regressioncan be performed using Fit Plot. 
 +To create Fit Plotselect your X and Y columns in Table, then select ''Table -> Create Fit Plot'' in the main menuor use the same item in the Table context menu, or use ''Create Fit Plot'' button in the toolbar.
  
-To fit the data you must implement these steps: +{{:create_fit_plot_context_menu.png?nolink|Creating Fit Plot using Table context menu}} 
-  - Create Fit Plot, specify y weighting in Plot properties, if any+ 
 +==== MagicPlot has been verified with NIST Datasets ==== 
 +National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has created the Statistical Reference Datasets Project which includes [[http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/strd/nls/nls_main.shtml|26 datasets]] for testing the nonlinear fit algorithms. MagicPlot has been successfully tested on these datasets. Our report on MagicPlot testing with NIST datasets is available here: [[http://magicplot.com/downloads/MagicPlot-NIST-Test.pdf|Report]]. 
 + 
 +===== Fitting Methodology ===== 
 +'Nonlinear' means here that analytical fitting function depends nonlinearly on varying parameters (fit parameters).  
 +Fit procedure iteratively varies the parameters of the fit function to minimize the residual sum of squares. The nonlinear fitting algorithm needs the user to set the initial values of fit parameters. 
 + 
 +To fit the dataimplement these steps: 
 +  - Create Fit Plot, specify Y errors in Data tab of Curve Properties dialog for the data curve, if any
   - Specify fit function by adding Fit Curves   - Specify fit function by adding Fit Curves
   - Specify initial values of fit parameters (drag curves or enter accurate values)   - Specify initial values of fit parameters (drag curves or enter accurate values)
-  - Specify used data interval+  - Specify used data interval
   - Run fitting   - Run fitting
  
-{{:fit_example.png|Fit example}}+You can undo fit and also undo changing initial parameters as any other action using ''Undo'' function. It is a handy feature when experimenting with different models and initial parameters.
  
-===== Fit Function is a Sum of Fit Curves ===== +==== Further reading ==== 
-MagicPlot considers fit function as a **sum** of Fit CurvesOrdinarily in peaks fitting each Fit Curve corresponds to one peak on the experimental data. There are number of predefined Fit Curves (Line, Parabola, Gauss, Lorentz, etc.) You can specify custom Fit Curve too. The baseline fitting components also may be added to the fitting sum.+This manual does not completely cover the complex nonlinear fitting methodologyWe recommend you to take look at this book:
  
-Fit Plot window contains the list of Fit CurvesEach Fit Curve in the list has 3 check boxes: ''Show''''Baseline'', ''Sum'': +  * HMotulsky and A. Christopoulos//Fitting Models to Biological Data Using Linear and Nonlinear RegressionA Practical Guide to Curve Fitting, 2004.//
-  * ''Show''Specifies whether to show this Fit Curve on plotActive only if Baseline check box is not set +
-  * ''Baseline'': Toggles the subtracting of this Fit Curve from experimental data +
-  * ''Sum'': Specifies whether to use this Fit Curve in sum fit function+
  
-Below the Fit Curves list is parameters table which shows parameters names, values, descriptions of the selected Fit Curve.+{{:fit_example.png?nolink|Fit example}}
  
-===== Coping Fit Curves between Fit Plots ===== +===== Fit Function is a Sum of Fit Curves ===== 
-You can copy and paste Fit Curves in curves table as usualUse context menu in curves table or press ''Ctrl+C'', ''Ctrl+V'' on PC and ''Cmd C''''Cmd V'' on Mac (curves table must be focusednot the plot itself)MagicPlot copies Fit Curves parameters valuesbaseline/sum/show checkbox values and style.+MagicPlot considers fit function as a **sum** of Fit Curves. Ordinarily in peaks fitting each Fit Curve corresponds to one peak in experimental dataClick the ''Add'' button to add new Fit Curve to the list. There is a number of predefined Fit Curves types (LineParabolaGaussLorentz, etc.) You can also create a [[custom_fit_equation|Custom Equation]] Fit Curve and manually enter the formulaBaseline fitting components may be added to the fitting sumtoo.
  
-===== Setting Initial Values of Parameters ===== +Fit Plot window contains the list of Fit Curves. Each Fit Curve in the list has three checkboxes:
-Nonlinear fitting assumes that certain initial values of parameters are set before fitting. This procedure is just easy if you use predefined Fit Curves: you can drag curves on plot.+
  
-Initial parameters values for each Fit Curve can also be set in parameters table.+{{:curves_table.png?nolink|Fit Curves table}}
  
-===== Parameter Locking ===== +  * ''Show'': Specifies whether to show this Fit Curve on the plotActive only if Baseline checkbox is not set 
-You can lock parameter(s) to prevent varying this parameter during fit and to prevent its changing due to setting initial values by mouse dragging (for built-in functions)Use checkbox on ''Lock'' column in parameters list.+  * ''Baseline'': Toggles the subtracting of this Fit Curve from experimental dataYou also can use ''Residual'' button to subtract all Fit Sum from data 
 +  * ''Sum'': Specifies whether to use this Fit Curve in sum fit function
  
-===== Fit Intervals ===== +Below the Fit Curves list, is a parameters table which shows names, values, and descriptions of parameters relating to the selected Fit Curve.
-You can set the x intervals of the data. The data points outside this intervals are not used to compute the minimizing residual sum of squares (see below). You can use this feature if some data points (especially in the beginning and the end) are inaccurate, e.g. noisy.+
  
-Select ''Fit Interval'' tab to set intervals visually or edit accurate borders values: +==== Fitting by Sum and Fitting One Curve ==== 
-  * Double click on interval to split it +MagicPlot allows two alternatives buttons to run the fit: 
-  * Drag the interval border to move itIf intervals intersect, intervals will be merged +  * ''Fit by Sum'' button will fit the data with the sum of Fit Curves for which the ''Sum'' checkbox is set. Data interval from ''Fit Interval'' tab will be used. This button must be used for example to fit the spectrum with the sum of peaks. 
-  * Use context menu on the plot to create, delete and split intervals+  * ''Fit One Curve'' button will fit the data with the one currently selected Fit CurveThe individual interval for each Fit Curve will be used. Set ''Edit Interval'' checkbox to edit individual interval for each Fit Curve.
  
-| {{:interval_context_menu2.png|Interval context menu}} | {{:interval_context_menu1.png|Interval context menu}} |+==== Copying and Pasting Fit Curves ==== 
 +You can copy and paste Fit Curves from one Fit Plot to another Fit Plot or FigureYou can also paste the copied Fit Curves to the same Fit Plot to create a copy.
  
-===== Baseline Fitting and Extraction ===== +  * The copy of Fit Curves with the same parameters and styles will be created if you paste Fit Curves to a Fit Plot. 
-Fit Interval is also usable when baseline fitting. Before baseline fitting you can specify the interval which does not contain any signal points and contains baseline only. Set ''Baseline'' check boxes at baseline Fit Curves after baseline fitting to subtract baseline from dataThen set interval to full and fit the data.+  * A link to the source Fit Curves will be inserted if you paste Fit Curves in a Figure.
  
-Note that if you execute one of data processing algorithms (integration, FFT, etc.) on Fit Plot, then the difference between the data and baseline curves (which you do see on the plot) will be processed. You can use this behaviour to exclude baseline from data before integrating, see [[integration]] for more information.+==== Fit Curves Reordering ==== 
 +You can reorder Fit Curves by dragging them in the table. The data curve is always drawn the first and fit sum is drawn the last
  
-===== 'Data-Baseline' Table Column ===== +===== Setting Initial Values of Parameters ===== 
-The 'Data-Baseline' column is appended to the Table with initial (x, yfit data when you create Fit Plot.  The 'Data-Baseline' column contains the difference between initial y data and baseline approximation (the sum of Fit Curves for which ''Baseline'' checkbox is selected).+Nonlinear fitting assumes that certain initial values of parameters are set before fitting. This procedure is very easy if you use Fit Curves of predefined types (not custom equation)you can drag curves on the plot. Initial parameters values for each Fit Curve can also be set in the parameter table.
  
-It is 'Data-Baseline' column that is actually plotted on Fit Plot.+{{:moving_curves.png?nolink|Moving curves with mouse}}
  
-Use 'Data-Baseline' column in Table if you want to process the data without baselineThis column is also used as initial data if you use ''Processing'' menu when Fit Plot is active.+==== Adjusting Parameters with Mouse Wheel ==== 
 +You can adjust Parameters in the table using mouse wheel scrolling when the mouse cursor is on the desired parameter: Hold Ctrl key (Cmd key on Mac) and scrollIf the Shift key is also pressed the parameter step for one wheel 'clickwill be increased
  
-===== Fit One Curve ===== +===== Guessing Peaks ===== 
-You can also use MagicPlot to fit the data with single selected Fit Curve by pressing ''Fit One Curve'' buttonIn this case a specific data interval for each Fit Curve is used and the main fitting data interval (set in ''Fit Interval'' tab) is ignored. Select ''Set Interval'' check box in the bottom of the Fit Plot panel to set specific fit intervals for each Fit Curve.+If you are fitting a spectrum with multiple peaks, MagicPlot may automatically add and approximately locate peaks before fittingSee [[guess_peaks]] for details. Guessed peaks should be used only as of the initial estimate for fitting: don't forget to click the Fit button after peaks are added.
  
-===== Joining the Parameters of Fit Curves ===== +===== Parameter Locking ===== 
-In some cases you may want to fit the data with two Gauss or Lorentz peaks with the same width but different positions and amplitudes, for example. You can do this in two ways: by specifying custom Fit Curve with your equation or by //joining// the 'widthparameters of two peaks.+You can lock (fix) parameter(s) to prevent varying this parameter(s) during the fit and to prevent its changing due to set initial values by mouse dragging (for built-in functions). Set the checkbox in ''Lock'' column in the parameter list to lock parameter.
  
-To join parameters of two or more Fit Curves select one of desired Fit Curves, select desired parameter in parameters table and press ''Join'' button. Add parameters which will be joint in the opened dialog window. Joined parameters are treated as one fit parameter.+{{:parameters_table.png?nolink|Table of Parameters}}
  
-Joined parameters are showed with blue color (instead of blackin parameters table.+===== Parameters Joining ===== 
 +MagicPlot allows joining (sometimes referred to as coupling, binding, linkingof fit parameters of different Fit Curves. See [[joining]] for details.
  
-===== Fitting Algorithm ===== +===== Weighting of Data Points Using Y Errors ===== 
-MagicPlot uses iterative [[wp>Levenberg–Marquardt_algorithm|Levenberg–Marquardt]] [[wp>Non-linear_least_squares|nonlinear least squares]] curve fitting algorithm which is widely used in most software.+MagicPlot allows the weighting of data points with Y error data. You can specify Y error data in Fit Plot properties dialog. If no Y error data are specified weighting is not used. 
  
-Fit procedure iteratively varies the parameters //β<sub>k</sub>// of fit function //f//(//x, β<sub>1</sub>, ..., β<sub>p</sub>//) to minimize the residual sum of squares (<nowiki>RSS</nowiki>, //χ<sup>2</sup>//):+Weights are calculated as ''1 / Y<sub>error</sub><sup>2</sup>'' for every point. See [[fit_formulas]] for details.
  
-<m>chi^2 = sum{i=1}{N}{w_i(y_i – f(x_i, beta_1, ..., beta_p))^2} right min</m>+Weights must be positive and finite for all points so the Y error values must be positive and non-zero (to prevent infinite weights)MagicPlot checks this condition before fitting and shows an error message if Y errors cannot be used to compute weights.
  
-here: +===== Specifying Fit Intervals ===== 
-  * //x<sub>i</sub>// and //y<sub>i</sub>// are the data points+You can set the X intervals of the data which will be used for fitting. Data points outside these intervals are not used to compute the minimizing residual sum of squares. You can use this feature if some data points (especially in the beginning or the end) are inaccuratee.gnoisy.
-  * //N// is total number of points+
-  * //f//(//x, β<sub>1</sub>,...,β<sub>p</sub>//) is the fit function which depends on value of //x// and fit parameters //β<sub>k</sub>//, +
-  * //p// is the number of fit parameters //β<sub>k</sub>//,  +
-  * //w<sub>i</sub>// are normalized //y// data weighting coefficients for each point y<sub>i</sub>:+
  
-<m>sum{i=1}{N}{w_i} = 1</m>+Select ''Fit Interval'' tab to set intervals visually or edit accurate borders values in the table. 
 +  * Double click on the interval to split it 
 +  * Drag the interval border to move it. If intervals intersect, they will be merged 
 +  * Use context menu on the plot to create, delete and split intervals
  
-The calculation of the new guess of parameters on each fit iteration is based on the fit function partial derivatives for current values of fit parameters and for each x value:+**Note:** Data intervals from the ''Fit Interval'' tab are used for fitting Sum only. To set individual data intervals for the one Curve fitting use ''Edit Interval'' checkbox.
  
-<m>{partial f}/{partial beta_m}(x_i, beta_1, ..., beta_p)</m>+{{:interval_context_menu1.png?nolink|Fit interval context menu}}
  
-To start minimization, you have to provide an initial guess for the parameters+===== Baseline Fitting and Extraction ===== 
 +Fit Interval is also usable when baseline fitting. Before baseline fitting, you can specify the interval which does not contain any signal points and contains baseline only. Set ''Baseline'' checkboxes at baseline Fit Curves after baseline fitting to subtract baseline from data. Then specify the whole interval and fit the data.
  
-==== Fit Procedure Stop Criteria ==== +Note that if you use data processing (integration, FFT, etc.) on Fit Plot, then the difference between the data and baseline curves (which you do see on the plot) will be processed. You can use this behavior to exclude baseline from data before integrating, see [[integration]] for more information.
-After each iteration except the first MagicPlot evaluates //deviation decrement D//:+
  
-<m>delim{|} {{chi^2}_{curr. iter.} / {chi^2}_{previter.} – 1} {|}</m>+===== 'Data-Baseline' Table Column ===== 
 +The 'Data-Baseline' column is appended to the Table with initial (X and Y) data when you create a Fit PlotThe 'Data-Baseline' column contains the difference between initial Y data and baseline approximation (the sum of Fit Curves for which ''Baseline'' checkbox is set)It is 'Data-Baseline' column that is actually plotted on Fit Plot as data.
  
-Deviation decrement shows how the residual sum of squares (<nowiki>RSS</nowiki>) on current iteration relatively differs from that on the previous iteration. +Use 'Data-Baseline' column in Table if you want to process the data without baselineThis column is also used as initial data if you use ''Processing'' menu when Fit Plot is active.
- +
-The iterative fit procedure stops on the one of two conditions: +
-  * If the deviation decrement //D// is less than minimum allowable deviation decrement, which is 10<sup>-9</sup> by default +
-or (and) +
-  * If the number of iterations exceeds maximum number of iterations, which is 100 by default +
- +
-You can change the minimum allowable deviation decrement and maximum number of iterations in Fitting tab of MagicPlot Preferences. +
- +
-==== Fit progress window ==== +
- +
-MagicPlot indicates fit process with a special windowFitting curves are periodically updated on plot while fitting so you can see how fit converges. +
- +
-{{:iter.png|Fit progress window}} +
- +
-MagicPlot shows current iteration number and deviation decrement by two progress bars while fit is performed. The fit process stops when one of this progress bars reaches the end.+
  
-Two buttons are located on fit progress window+===== Viewing the Residual Plot ===== 
-  * ''Break Iters'': Breaks iterations after current iterationUse this button if you suppose that further iterations will not change the result+Residual means here the difference between initial data, baseline function and Fit Sum function. MagicPlot offers two different ways to view the residual
-  * ''Undo Fit'': Breaks iterations and reverts the fit parameters to before fit values. Use this button if you see that fit process converges to wrong result; change initial values of parameters and run fit again.+  * Press and hold the ''Residual'' buttonThe residual will be shown while the button is pressed. You can use either mouse or space key (if the button is selected) to hold ''Residual'' button
 +  * You can either set ''Baseline'' checkboxes for all summed Fit Curves to subtract them from data and explore the residual plot
  
-===== Weighting of y data ===== +===== Fitting ===== 
-MagicPlot can use weighting of //y// values based on y errors //s<sub>i</sub>//: +To execute the fit click the ''Fit by Sum'' button of ''Fit One Curve'' button (see below).
-  * If standard //y// errors are **not** specified: all //w<sub>i</sub>//=1 +
-  * If standard //y// errors //s<sub>i</sub>// are specified: +
  
-<m>w_i=C 1/{{s_i}^2}</m>+MagicPlot indicates the fit process with a special window. Fitting curves are periodically updated on the plot while fitting so you can see how fit converges.
  
-here //C// is normalizing coefficient (to make the sum of //w<sub>i</sub>// be equal to one):+{{:fit_progress.png?nolink|Fit progress window}}
  
-<m>C=sum{i=1}{N}{{s_i}^2}</m>+MagicPlot shows the current iteration number and deviation decrement with two progress bars while the fit is performed. The fit process stops when one of these progress bars reaches the end.
  
-In ''Fit Plot Properties'' dialog (''Plot Data'' tab) you can set one of the following method to evaluate standard y errors //s<sub>i</sub>//: +You can see two buttons on fit progress window: 
-  * Get y errors from table column(s)+  * ''Break Iterations'': Breaks iterations after current iteration. Use this button if you suspect that further iterations will not change the result. 
-  * Percent of data for every point, +  * ''Undo Fit'': Breaks iterations and reverts fit parameters to their initial (before fitvalues. Use this button if you see that fit process converges to wrong result; change initial values of parameters and run fit again.
-  * Fixed value or Standard deviation --- do not use in weighting because in this case the error values are the same for all data points.+
  
-===== Standard Deviation of Fit Parameters ===== +===== Fitting One Curve ===== 
-The standard deviations (//stddev.//) of fit parameters //β<sub>k</sub>// are evaluated after fit using the following formula:+You can use MagicPlot to fit the data with single selected Fit Curve by pressing ''Fit One Curve'' buttonIn this case, a specific data interval for each Fit Curve is used and the main fitting data interval (from ''Fit Interval'' tabis ignored. Select ''Edit Interval'' checkbox in the bottom of the Fit Plot panel to set specific fit intervals for each Fit Curve.
  
-<m>s_k=sqrt{{chi^2}/{N–p}[alpha^{–1}]_{k,k}}</m>+Because of using individual data interval this method is useful for baseline fitting. In order to fit baseline specify the intervals which do not contain signal (peaks) and contain only noise.
  
-here α is the matrix of partial derivatives of fit function by parameters //β<sub>m</sub>// and //β<sub>n</sub>// which is used for fitting:+{{:fit_one_curve.png?nolink|'Fit One Curve' button}}
  
-<m>alpha_{m,n}=sum{i=1}{N}{w_i {{partial f}/{partial beta_m}(x_i, beta_1, ..., beta_p) {partial f}/{partial beta_n}}{(x_i, beta_1, ..., beta_p)}}</m>+===== Why My Fit is Not Converged? ===== 
 +In some casesthe fit procedure may fail to find the optimal parameters valuesThe actual mathematical reason for this error is the impossibility to invert the matrix α calculated from partial derivatives of the fit function with respect to fit parametersThis inverted matrix is used to compute the new values of parameters for the next step of fit (like gradient descent)In most casesthis error occurs when the matrix α is ill-conditioned or nearly singular and the inverse cannot be calculated accurately enough with used floating-point arithmetic
  
-===== Formulas ===== +=== The origin of this error may be: === 
-In the table below you can find the formulas which MagicPlot uses to calculate fit parameters and values in ''Fit Report'' tab.+  * Fit is not converged through one or more parameters: some parameters were taking unrealistically great values during iterations. There is no local minimum of residual sum of squares near the initial values of these parameters. MagicPlot highlights the suspicious Fit Curve in this case. 
 +  * Mutual dependency exists between some parameters. The algorithm cannot resolve which parameter to vary. 
 +  * Fit function is ill-conditioned: the minimized residual sum of squares depends on some parameters much more than on other ones. 
 +  * Numeric overflow (or underflow) when calculating fit function with initial parameter values or on the next steps.
  
-Because of some confusion in the names of the parameters in different sources (books and software), we also give many different names of same parameter in //note// column.+=== Try one of the following: === 
 +  * Specify more accurate initial values of parameters
 +  * Simplify the fit function (e.g. remove some peaks)
 +  * Lock some parameters.
  
-^  Parameter Name  ^  Symbol  ^  Formula  ^  Note  ^ +===== See Also ===== 
-^ Original Data and Fit Model Properties  ^^^^ +  * [[fit_formulas]] 
-| Number of used data points  |  <m>N</m>  |  ---  | This is the number of data points inside specified Fit Interval.  | +  * [[custom_fit_equation]] 
-| Fit parameters  |  //β<sub>1</sub>,...,β<sub>p</sub>//  |  ---  | For peak-like functions (Gauss, Lorentz) these parameters are amplitude, position and half width at half maximum.  | +  * [[spline]] 
-| Number of fit function parameters //β// |  <m>p</m>  |  ---  | This is the total number of parameters of all fit curves which are summed to fit.  | +  [[joining]] 
-[[wp>Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)|Degrees of freedom]]   <m>nu</m>  |  <m>N–p</m>  | | +  * [[guess_peaks]] 
-| Estimated mean of data |  <m>overline{y}</m>  |  <m>1/N sum{i=1}{N}{y_i}</m>  | | +  * [[fit_equations]] 
-| Estimated variance of data |  <m>s^2</m>  |  <m>1/{N–1} sum{i=1}{N}{(y_i – overline{y})^2}</m>  | Not used by fit algorithm, only for comparison. | +  * [[interval_statistics]] 
-| Data total sum of squares, TSS  |  TSS  |  <m>sum{i=1}{N}{w_i(y_i – overline{y})^2}</m>  | //TSS is also called sum of squares about the mean and acronym SST is also used.//  | +  [[table_from_curves]]
-^ Fit Result  ^^^^ +
-| Residual sum of squares, <nowiki>RSS</nowiki>  |  <m>chi^2</m>  |  <m>sum{i=1}{N}{w_i(y_i – f(x_i,beta_1,...,beta_p))^2}</m>  | This value is minimized during the fit to find the optimal fit function parameters. \\ //<nowiki>RSS</nowiki> is also called the sum of squared residuals (SSR), the error sum of squares (ESS), the sum of squares due to error (SSE).// +
-| Reduced //χ//<sup>2</sup>  |  <m>{{chi^2}_{red.}}</m>  |  <m>{chi^2}/nu = {chi^2}/{N–p}</m>  | The advantage of the reduced chi-squared is that it already normalizes for the number of data points and model (fit function) complexity. \\ //Reduced χ<sup>2</sup> is also called mean square error (MSE) or the residual mean square.// +
-| Standard deviation of the model  |  //s//  |  <m>sqrt({chi^2}_{red.})</m>  | //Standard deviation is also called root mean square of the error (Root MSE)// | +
-[[wp>Coefficient_of_determination|Coefficient of determination]]   <m>R^2</m>  |  <m>1 – {chi^2}/TSS</m>  | //R//<sup>2</sup> will be equal to one if fit is perfect, and to zero otherwise. This is a biased estimate of the population //R//<sup>2</sup>, and will never decrease if additional fit parameters (fit curves) are added, even if they are irrelevant. | +
-| Adjusted //R//<sup>2</sup>  |  <m>overline{R}^2</m>  |  <m>1 – {N–1}/{N–p–1}(1–R^2)</m>  | Adjusted //R//<sup>2</sup> (or //degrees of freedom adjusted R-square//) is a slightly modified version of //R//<sup>2</sup>, designed to penalize for the excess number of fit parameters (fit curves) which do not add to the explanatory power of the regression. This statistic is always smaller than //R//<sup>2</sup>, can decrease as you add new fit curves, and even be negative for poorly fitting models |+
fitting.1288036750.txt.gz · Last modified: Sun Nov 8 12:20:32 2015 (external edit)